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- Author: Saint Thomas Aquinas
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Saint Thomas Aquinas
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Summa Theologiae, authored by Saint Thomas Aquinas, is a comprehensive theological work that addresses fundamental questions of Christian doctrine. The Supplementum Tertiæ Partis (Supplement to the Third Part) was written later in Aquinas’s life to address areas not fully covered in the main body of the Summa and to clarify and expand upon topics related to salvation and the final end of human life.
This supplement primarily focuses on the nature of grace, the role of the sacraments, the final judgment, and the last things—death, heaven, hell, and purgatory. Aquinas emphasizes the importance of divine grace as essential for human salvation, asserting that human effort alone is insufficient without God's grace. He discusses the different kinds of grace—sufficient, actual, habitual, and sanctifying—and how they facilitate human cooperation with divine will.
A key theme in this supplement is the necessity of the sacraments, especially the Eucharist, for attaining salvation. Aquinas elaborates on the efficacy of the sacraments as outward signs instituted by Christ, which confer grace and help believers grow in virtue. He underscores that the sacraments are not merely symbolic but are effective means of grace that participate in Christ’s saving work.
The work also examines the final judgment, emphasizing its certainty and the justice of God in rewarding the righteous and punishing the wicked. Aquinas discusses the resurrection of the body and the nature of the eternal life promised to the saved, describing heaven as the beatific vision—direct, perfect knowledge of and union with God.
Conversely, he describes hell as eternal separation from God, reserved for those who freely reject divine grace. Purgatory is presented as a temporary purification for souls destined for heaven but needing cleansing from venial sins or temporal punishment.
Throughout the supplement, Aquinas seeks to synthesize theological doctrine with philosophical reasoning, reaffirming the importance of human free will in cooperation with divine grace. He underscores the hope of eternal life as the ultimate goal of human existence, grounded in Christ’s redemptive work.
In sum, the Supplementum Tertiæ Partis serves to deepen the understanding of salvation, grace, and the final destiny of the soul, completing the comprehensive theological vision of Aquinas in the Summa Theologiae.
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Bibliographic Record Creator Aquinas, Thomas, Saint, 1225?-1274
Title Summa Theologica, Part I-II (Pars Prima Secundae)
From the Complete American Edition
Language English
EText-No. 17897
Release Date 2006-03-01
Copyright Status Not copyrighted in the United States. If you live elsewhere check the laws of your country before downloading this ebook.
Base Directory /files/17897/
“The greatest theological book ever written . . .”
—Norman L. Geisler
Thomas Aquinas stands among the most important thinkers in the history of Christianity, and his famous Summa Theologica represents the pinnacle of medieval theology and perhaps the most influential theological work in the history of Western Christianity. In the volumes of his writings, we find the forerunners of every intellectual development in the eight centuries that followed, and the depth of his understanding of the nature and being of God has left a lasting mark on the enterprise of Christian theological reflection ever since.
“Perhaps no other man ever came so near to calling the Creator by his own name.”
—G.K. Chesterton
In this massive tome, Aquinas outlines the meaning of all of Christian theology. As a theologian, Aquinas articulates the goals, purposes, and enterprises of theology, and gives theology a prominent place in scholarship, calling theology “the queen of sciences.” As a scholastic, Aquinas sought to understand Christian theology in light of the rediscovery of Aristotle’s works in the twelfth century, and redefined the relationship between revelation and reason, science and theology, and faith and philosophy for the next eight centuries. As a philosopher, Aquinas developed principles of just war and natural law, and outlined an argument for God’s existence from contingency—the intellectual forerunner to the modern Argument from Design. As an aesthetic, Aquinas articulated a vision of God’s beauty, and his aesthetic influence can be felt in the writings of literary figures as diverse as Dante Alighieri, James Joyce, and Umberto Eco.
http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/17897
Thomas' most significant work is his Summa theologiae or 'summary of Theology,' a gigantic work which attempts to present all of Christian theology as systematically as possible. Thomas worked on it from 1266 through 1273. Then, when he was nearly finished, he underwent an experience so intense that, as he himself explained, everything he had written seemed like straw. He completely stopped writing and died three months later. Thomas was canonized in 1323.
The Summa theologiae is written in a form common to treatises of that age. All of theology is divided into its major topics. These, in turn, are divided into subtopics described by Thomas as 'questions. " The first "question" in the Summa theologiae deals with The nature of Theology itself, the second with God's existence.
The 'questions" are in turn divided into what Thomas calls "articles," specific queries concerning the topic being explored in that particular "question." (Thus, confusingly enough, what Thomas calls "questions" are actually general topics, whereas what he calls "articles" are really what we would mean by the word "questions.") These "articles" form the basic unit of the Summa theologiae, and they proceed according to an invariable form. A specific query is made, then a section beginning with the word videtur ("it seems that") offers arguments for what will later turn out to be the wrong answer to that query. Next, a brief section be ginning with the words sed contra ("but on the contrary") introduces a different answer. A section labeled responsio ("response") finally presents arguments for what Thomas considers the correct view. The question then closes with a refutation of the arguments presented in the videtur section.
The following selection consists of the prologue and first two questions of the Summa theologiae. Some articles of the first question are omitted, but those included are given in their entirety, so that the reader can see how the work (and Thomas' mind) is constructed.
PRIMA PARS.
Sacred Doctrine. The One God. The Blessed Trinity. Creation. The Angels. The Six Days. Man. The Government of Creatures.
PRIMA SECUNDÆ PARTIS.
Man's Last End. Human Acts. Passions. Habits. Vice and Sin. Law. Grace.
SECUNDA SECUNDÆ PARTIS.
Faith. Hope. Charity. Prudence. Justice. Fortitude. Temperance. Acts Which Pertain to Certain Men.
TERTIA PARS.
The Incarnation. The Life of Christ. Sacraments. Baptism. Confirmation. The Holy Eucharist. Penance.
SUPPLEMENTUM TERTIÆ PARTIS.
Penance (continued). Extreme Unction. Holy Orders. Matrimony. The Resurrection. Appendices.